#1: IGT – Indicazione Geografica Tipica
As you delve into Italian wines, you’ll often encounter the label “IGT.” Short for Indicazione Geografica Tipica, this classification is vital for grasping the quality and origin of the wines you savor.
IGT ranks as one of Italy’s three main quality classifications, positioned between the basic Vino da Tavola (table wine) and the more rigorous DOC (Denominazione di Origine Controllata) and DOCG (Denominazione di Origine Controllata e Garantita) categories.
Established in 1992, the IGT classification was designed to provide winemakers with the freedom to experiment with different grape varieties and winemaking methods while still ensuring quality and authenticity associated with specific regions.
This flexibility has led to an array of innovative and varied wines, with winemakers blending international grape varieties with indigenous Italian ones to create distinctive flavor profiles that cater to diverse tastes. The variety within this category allows for numerous food pairings based on the specific wine.
While the production area for IGT wines is extensive, the label may specify the grape variety used. These wines are typically crafted to be enjoyed within a year of production and are generally not recommended for aging.
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#2: DOC – Denominazione di Origine Controllata
A key term every wine enthusiast should recognize is “DOC,” which stands for Denominazione di Origine Controllata. This classification signifies a notable enhancement in quality and authenticity compared to basic table wines and IGT wines, providing a guarantee of the wine’s regional origin and production standards.
Introduced in the 1960s, DOC status is awarded to wines that comply with strict regulations regarding grape varieties, production methods, and geographical boundaries.
Wines labeled as DOC must adhere to comprehensive production rules, controlling everything from grape varieties and yields to aging processes and alcohol content. These stringent guidelines aim to uphold high quality standards and preserve the traditional characteristics of the wines.
Furthermore, each DOC wine hails from a specific geographical area, with the label indicating the region and often the vineyard it originates from, ensuring the preservation of heritage and cultural traditions unique to each area.
#3: DOCG – Denominazione di Origine Controllata e Garantita
“DOCG,” which stands for Denominazione di Origine Controllata e Garantita, is one of the most prestigious classifications in Italian wine. This designation represents the pinnacle of quality and authenticity, reserved exclusively for wines that fulfill the highest standards.
DOCG wines have the lowest production per hectare compared to other wine types, ensuring a focus on quality over quantity. The grapes used in these wines are selected through a meticulous process and are sourced from specific regions known for their excellence in winemaking.
Established in 1980, the DOCG classification provides an extra layer of quality assurance beyond the DOC level, with the additional “G” signifying “guaranteed.” Wines granted DOCG status must adhere to even more rigorous regulations and undergo extensive testing to confirm they meet these exacting standards.
These regulations cover everything from grape varieties and vineyard yields to vinification processes and aging periods. Additionally, DOCG wines must pass sensory evaluations and chemical analyses prior to bottling and labeling.
DOCG wines epitomize the finest offerings in Italian wine, often regarded as not only consumable treasures but also collectible items for dedicated Italian wine enthusiasts. Many visitors to Italy acquire a bottle of DOCG to enjoy on special occasions, as these wines reach their peak after aging!
#4: Classico
The term “Classico” refers to wines produced in the original, historically significant regions of certain Italian wine areas. These regions are often viewed as the heart of winemaking traditions, with rich history spanning centuries.
Due to the prime locations of Classico vineyards, the wines typically exhibit greater depth and complexity. The unique soils, microclimates, and time-honored vineyard practices contribute to creating wines with a distinctive character.
Notable examples of Classico wines include Chianti Classico from central Tuscany, Soave Classico from Veneto, and Valpolicella Classico from Veneto.
Check out our Quick Guide to Chianti to enhance your understanding of this renowned Classico wine!
#5: Riserva
The label “Riserva” on an Italian wine indicates that it has been aged longer than the standard version of the same wine. This aging process allows the wine to develop richer flavors, softer tannins, and increased complexity. A minimum aging period of one year is required for white wines and two years for red wines.
Aging in oak barrels or stainless steel tanks enhances the flavor complexity of Riserva wines. In addition to their primary fruit notes, they may develop aromas of spices, tobacco, leather, and dried fruits.
Riserva wines can continue to mature and improve in the bottle for years, making them an excellent investment for collectors!
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#6: Superiore
“Superiore” signifies wines that exceed standard quality criteria, often providing enhanced flavors, structure, or aging potential. This designation indicates a higher quality level within its regional context.
Regulations governing this designation typically address factors such as grape variety, vineyard practices, yields, and aging requirements. Superiore wines must be produced from grapes yielding at least 10% less than their non-designated counterparts.
For instance, while Valpolicella and Valpolicella Superiore are made from the same grapes, the Superiore has a lower yield, resulting in higher quality.
Superiore wines generally originate from specific sub-regions or microclimates within larger wine areas, recognized for their ability to produce wines reflecting exceptional winemaking traditions.
#7: Passito
“Passito” denotes a category of wines celebrated for their sweetness and rich flavors. This term refers to a winemaking technique where grapes are dried before fermentation, resulting in concentrated sugars and distinctive dessert wines.
Passito wines are created using a traditional method known as appassimento, where grapes are dried either on the vine or after harvest. This drying process diminishes water content, intensifying sugars and flavors, often leading to notes of dried fruits such as raisins, figs, and apricots, along with a honeyed, velvety texture.
Passito wines are wonderful companions to desserts, complementing cakes, pastries, and even savory dishes like foie gras or blue cheese. Their sweetness can balance salty or spicy flavors, and they can also serve stand-alone as dessert wines!
Now that you have a clearer understanding of these essential terms for Italian wine enthusiasts, you’ll be ready to engage in conversations about wine with friends during your next dinner party or even while in Italy!
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